| AdminHistory | Organisations involved: Barrow and Geraldine S. Cadbury Trust, Paul S. Cadbury Trust, Barrow Cadbury Fund Ltd.
Previous titles and/or title variations: work for peace and international work; peace and international understanding.
Related grant categories: Northern Ireland; justice and peace; global exchange.
Dates of use: 1961/1962 to 1992/1993.
Cadbury Trusts grant subject filing reference number(s): 2.
The promotion of peace is fundamental to Friends religious practice. Quaker Peace Testimony was embraced by Barrow, Geraldine and their children and is clearly reflected in the charitable giving of the Barrow and Geraldine S. Cadbury Trust. This commitment to peace is reflected at the personal, local, national and international level. While the preponderance of the Cadbury Trusts' activities were conducted within the United Kingdom, a significant minority of grants and subscriptions sought to promote peace and international understanding beyond the nation's borders.
During its first year of operation the Barrow and Geraldine S. Cadbury Trust made its largest subscription, £250, to Friends' Emergency and War Victims Relief Committee. While not representative, this single commitment amounted to over a quarter of total annual expenditure. Many subscriptions made during the first decades of the Trust and Fund were tied to Friends organisations working overseas, for instance the Friends' Foreign Mission Association.
The first use of the peace and international relations category appears in the 1961/1962 Barrow and Geraldine S. Cadbury Trust annual accounts under the title 'work for peace and international work (other than Society of Friends)'. This category was distinct from 'Society of Friends and other churches' despite the often considerable degree of overlap between the two headings. Most peace and international relations grants were made by the Barrow and Geraldine S. Cadbury Trust though a small number were made through the Paul S. Cadbury Trust.
The assignment of grantees to the peace and international category was not always simple. A grant for an overseas Friends project could, for instance, appear under the classification 'Society of Friends and other churches' or 'peace and international relations' depending on the nature of the application. For example the Friends International Centre, Nairobi appears under 'peace and international relations' while 'Quaker Peace and Service: Zimbabwe' appears under 'Society of Friends and other churches'. Similarly, while Northern Ireland peace grants made during the 1970s and early 1980s would appear under 'peace and international relations' heading, from 1986/1987 these would usually appear under the newly created 'Northern Ireland' heading. The annual reports of the Cadbury Trusts provide a handy reference to grant categories and frequently include a list recipients assigned to each classification.
Peace and international relations grant files first appear in the late 1960s and were subsequently assigned the number two as a category filing reference in accordance with Anthony Wilson's classification scheme for grant subjects. Most peace and international relations grant files were administered by Anthony Wilson, though some were subsequently transferred to Eric Adams. Both men worked on projects in Northern Ireland. A representative peace and international relations grant file label for the 1970s-1980s might read '2/5/1' to denote peace and international relations/Arab-Israeli Conflict Grants-Western Saharan Campaign, the fifth grantee under this heading/file 1. The initials of the administrator may also appear as a prefix though there is considerable variation in file references.
Peace and international relations grants and subscriptions represented a modest outlay of Barrow and Geraldine S. Cadbury Trust expenditure by category during the early 1970s. For the financial year 1973/1974 peace and international relations grants made up 16.7% of total expenditure (£36,819) before dropping to approximately 10% for the remainder of the decade. Thematic areas identified by Trustees at this time include Northern Ireland, the Middle East, Rhodesia/Zimbabwe, Southern Sudan and conflict research. Trust support for the peace process in Southern Sudan helped to facilitate a major breakthrough in negotiations leading to an accord between north and south. Commitments in the Israeli-Palestinian arena were less successful.
The prominence of the peace and international relations category increased throughout the 1980s. The focus of the programme during this period was to 1) foster political relationships in place of military confrontation, and 2) promote arms control and disarmament and explore means of converting military expenditure to civilian expenditure. Prominent grantees during this period include the All Party Parliamentary Group on Overseas Development, the Department of Peace Studies, Bradford University, the Verification Technology Information Centre, the Quaker Council for European Affairs and Armswatch. By the early 1990s peace and international relations grants consistently ranked among the highest areas of Trust expenditure despite the transfer of Northern Ireland peace grants into a separate category in 1986/1987.
The peace and international relations category was eliminated as part of a general reorganisation of grant classifications prior to the merger of the Paul S. Cadbury Trust with the Barrow and Geraldine S. Cadbury Trust in 1994. It last appears as a separate category in the 1992/1993 annual report of the Barrow and Geraldine S. Cadbury Trust and the Barrow Cadbury Fund Ltd. During this year the Trust and Fund committed a total of £244,996 to peace and international relations grants, second only to the £543,930 committed to equal opportunities projects. Following the merger all remaining peace and international grants were transferred to other new grant categories predominantly 'reconciliation'. |